التاريخ الإسلامي: مقدمة قصيرة جدا

The Political Language of Islam (Chicago, 1991).

العصر الذهبي الإسباني

M. Cohen,

Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages (Princeton, 1994), chapter

1 .

الاستنتاجات

M. M. Khan,

The Muslim 100: The Lives, Thoughts, and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History (Leicester, 2008).

An alternative answer to this book’s big question (widely criticized for its perceived anti-Muslim bias), is provided in: B. Lewis,

What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response (Oxford, 2001).

صفحة غير معروفة