69. al-Baghturi, Maqran b. Muhammad, Siyar Masha'ikh Nufusah, Ms. 3.

70. Salim b. Dhakwan, Sirah., 204; Abu Qahtan, Sirah., 24-25.

71. See below, 402-407.

72. Barradi, Jawahir., 165; Ibn Dhakwan, Sirah., 205.

73. Mubarrad, Kamil., III, 1039-1040; Ibn 'Abd Rabbih, al-'Iqd al-farid., II, 397-98.

74. Salim b. Dhakwan, Sirah., 220-221.

75. Barradi, al-Bahth al-Sa'diq wa al-'Istikshaf., I, 35; Warijlani, al-Dalil., Ms. 13b - 14a. There is a detailed discussion of the question of the Ma-riqah in the Sirah of Shabib b. 'Atiyah where he refuted the application of the Tradition about the Mariqah to the Muhakkimah party as was largely done by the Sunnis.

76. There are different versions of this Tradition reported in the Collections of Hadith. A.J. Wensinck, Concordance et indices de la Tradition Musulmane, Leiden, 1967, VI, 204. The Ibadhi version is reported in Musnad al-Rabi b. Habib., I, 15. See also: Salimi, Hashiyat al-Jami'i al-sahih., Cairo, 1326 H., I, 56-60. The translation of this Tradition quoted here is taken from Wensinck, A.J., Muslim Creed., 1965, 41-42.

77. Salimi, op. cit., I. 59.

78. Al-Sufi, Abu 'Amr 'Uthman b. Khalifah, Risalah fi bayan kulli firqah., Algiers. n.d., 61.

79. Salim b. Dhakwan, Sirah., 204; Abu Qahtan, Sirah., 37; al-Kadmi, K. al-'Istiqamah., 35. The term Khawarij al-jawr is used in many places in K. Bayan al-Shar'a' of Muh. b. Ibrahim al-Kindi, Ms III.

80. See below, 402-407.

81. Qur'an: VI, 121, See also: Warijlani, Dalil., 92 b.

82. This term 'infidel-ingrate' is suggested by my supervisor Professor R.B. Serjeant for the Arabic term, kafir kufr ni'mah, which is used in Ibadhi writings for the Muslims who commit grave sins. The term was used to distinguish them from kuffar (sin. kafir) which can be used also for Polytheists.

83. Mubarrad, Kamil., II, 891.

84. Salim b. Dhakwan, Sirah., 204., 225; Abu Qahtan, Sirah., 85. This Tradition is reported in most of the collections of Hadith: See A.J. Wensinck, concordance et Indices de la Tradition Musulmane, Leiden. 1969 VII, 67.

86. See below, 227, 260.

87. Shahrastani, Milal., I,186. Baghdadi, al-Farq bain al-firaq., 50-51.

88. Loc. cit.; See the argument of Nafii' for these issues in his letter to Najdah in: Mubarrad, Kamil., III, 1035-37; Ibn 'Abd Rabbih, al-'Iqd al-Farid. For more details about the views of Azariqah and the other Khariji groups, see, Elie Adib Salim, Political theory and institutions of the Khawarij., Baltimore, 1956. Although the author in this work presented a useful study of the Khawarij in general, the views given about the Ibadhi school were not satisfactory, and the Ibadhi literature was not properly used. See also about the views of the Azariqah and other Kharijites, Watt. Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Edinburg, 1967, 10 ff.

89. See below, 70-72.