sovest (etymologically, 'with’ + 'knowledge’) with Western (and, ultimately, Greek and Greek Orthodox) ideas of conscience.

Basic Writings of Nietzsche , tr. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Modern Library, 2000). On the letter to Overbeck, see Kaufmann,

Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950).

Freud’s various essays are found in the

Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud , tr. J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1953-74).

الفصل الرابع

Among many pertinent studies of conscientious objection are

Records of Conscience: Three Autobiographical Narratives by Conscientious Objectors, 1665-1865 (York: William Sessions, 1993); John Rae,

Conscience and Politics: The British Government and the Conscientious Objector to Military Service, 1916-1919 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970); A. Keim and G. Stoltzfus,

The Politics of Conscience: The Historical

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