Fractured Rebellion: The Beijing Red Guard Movement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009). Frederick Teiwes and Warren Sun deconstruct

The End of the Maoist Era: Chinese Politics during the Twilight of the Cultural Revolution, 1972-1976 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2007). For the role of urban workers, see Elizabeth Perry and Li Xun,

(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000). Jiang Yang describes the rural exile of urban intellectuals in

A Cadre School Life: Six Chapters (Hong Kong: Joint Publication Company, 1982).

الفصل الثالث

The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

الفصل الرابع

See Barry Naughton,

The Chinese Economy. Transitions and Growth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007); and Chris Bramall,

Chinese Economic Development (London: Routledge, 2009). For contrarian views of rural life, see Gao Mobo,

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