http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr ) (accessed 31 January 2011).

Alan Gewirth,

Human Rights: Essays on Justification (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982) contributed valuably to my thinking about this chapter. I am indebted to him for the Supreme Court citation. See also Henry Shue,

Basic Rights (Princeton:

1996). For a lively discussion of 'rights’ as a basis for justice, see Joseph R. Slaughter,

Human Rights, Inc (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007).

R. Panikkar’s discussion of Western concepts of civil liberty and their applicability to non-Western cultures appears in

Diogenes , 120 (1982).

Hannah Arendt,

Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (London: Penguin, 1977).

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