مقدمة

The best overviews are Krishan Kumar,

Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Times (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987); Frank E.Manuel and Fritzie P. Manuel,

Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1979); and Roland Schaer, Gregory Claeys, and Lyman Tower Sargent (eds.),

Utopia: The Search for the Ideal Society in the Western World (New York: The New York Public Library/Oxford University Press, 2000).

الفصل الأول

The best overview of classical utopianism is John Ferguson,

Utopias of the Classical World (London: Thames and Hudson, 1975).

There is very little on the Middle Ages, but see F. Graus, 'Social Utopias in the Middle Ages’, tr. Bernard Standring,

38 (December 1967): 3-19; and Norman Cohn,

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