ʾAbd al-ʾAzīz Muḥammad ʾAzzām

Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani was a pivotal Islamic scholar and political activist. He promoted Pan-Islamic unity in response to Western colonial advances. Advocating for both spiritual renewal and political solidarity, he traveled extensively in the Muslim world, influencing leaders and thinkers. His teachings and writings, such as 'Refutation of the Materialists,' called for reinterpretation of Islamic thought to meet contemporary challenges. His ideas invigorated later movements for independence an...See more