property.

"We take as 'awliya' both the woman and the slave in coming out for jihad (Khuruj), if we know of their acceptance and the acknowledgement of the truth, and that they hold belief in 'Walaya' with (followers of it) before they (the woman and the slave) come out, (and if we know) that they do only come out because of their love for Islam and inclination towards it apart from anything else; for God said, "And the Believers, men and women, are friends one of another; they bid for honour and forbid dishonour, they perform the prayer, and pay the alms, and they obey God and His Messengers. Those upon them God will have mercy; God is Almighty, All-wise."(Qur'an: ix.71)

"We do not hold that any group of Muslims should give the oath of allegiance to their Imam except for jihad in the way of God, and obedience to him in regard to what is right until they die or gain victory over their enemies. They should appoint (to the Imamate) the best and the most learned person among themselves.

"We take for 'Walaya' both those of us who come out and those who stay at home. Those of us who stay acknowledge for those who come out the priority (fadilah) that God granted them."112

These points, discussed above by Salim b. Dhakwan, presented not only the Ibadhi views on the issues with which he dealt, but also presented strong rejection of the all Khariji views on those issues.

It is clear from the above discussions and quotations from early Ibadhi literature that there is hardly any point of agreement between Ibadhis and Kharijites. In fact, Ibadhis disagreed with the Kharijites in all their doctrines, and opposed them in theory and practice. The only point they have in common with the Kharijites is their view of the Muhakkimah.

Having discussed the Ibadhi view of the Kharijites and their movement, it may be of some value to mention briefly their view of the powers of the contemporary 'Umayyads and the Shi'ites. In his sermon in Medina, Abu Hamzah al-Mukhtar b. 'Awf expressed clearly the Ibadhi opinion of both the 'Umayyads and Shi'ites. After speaking about the deeds of the 'Umayyad Caliphs one by one, starting with Mu'awiyah and ending with Yazid b. 'Abd al- Malik, Abu Hamzah spoke about the rule of the 'Umayyad dynasty in general in the following words:

"The sons of 'Umayya are a party of error, and their strength is the strength of tyrants. They punish on suspicion, according to their whims and put men to death in anger, and judge by intercession, and take the law out of context, and distribute the public moneys to those not entitled to them for God has stated