المقدمة

For the phrase “new kind of liberal,” see AT’s letter to Eugène Stoeffels, July 24, 1836, and for analysis of it, see Roger Boesche,

The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987). On AT’s influence, see Raymond Aron,

Main Currents in Sociological Thought,

vol. 1 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998, orig. 1967), François Furet,

In the Workshop of History,

chap. 10 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). Translations of AT’s

Democracy in America , (hereafter

DA ): Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop, trans. and eds. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), and Arthur Goldhammer, trans. (New York: Library of America, 2004). Many of his letters can be found translated in Roger Boesche, ed.,

Alexis de Tocqueville: Selected Letters on Politics and Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). A sampling of current scholarship on AT is in

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