by Jacob Lassner. Copyright © 1970 Wayne State University Press, with the permission of Wayne State University

(3-2) Modern reconstructions of the gates of Baghdad (Ibid.). (3-3) Map of the Round City (Ibid.). (3-4) The development and geographical movement of the Hindu-Arabic numerals (Encyclopedia Britannica/Contributor). (3-5) The Banu Musas’ diagram of their self-trimming lamp (Granger Historical Picture Archive/Alamy Stock

(4-1) An early-eighteenth-century view of Córdoba (Tarker/Bridgeman Images). (4-2) Reconstructed Arabic water wheel in Córdoba (Alain Machet (2)/Alamy Stock Photo). (4-3) The Roman bridge over the River Guadalquivir with Córdoba on the left bank (By courtesy of the author). (4-4) Modern reconstructions of some of al-Zahrawi’s intricate surgical instruments (Ibid.). (5-1) An astrolabe made in Toledo (Granger Historical Picture Archive/Alamy Stock Photo). (5-2) A fifteenth-century engraving of Toledo (PRISMA ARCHIVO/Alamy Stock Photo). (5-3) Diagram from a manuscript of Gerard of Cremona’s translation of al-Zarqali’s

Canones (Wellcome Collection). (6-1) A nineteenth-century view of Salerno (De Agostini/Galleria Garisenda/Bridgeman Images). (6-2) Robert II of Normandy being treated in Salerno (akg-images/Bible Land Pictures/Z. Radovan/www.BibleLandPictures). (6-3) A page from the

Circa instans (Wellcome Collection). (7-1) A Portuguese map of Palermo harbour (The Protected Art Archive/Alamy Stock Photo). (7-2) The Norman Palace in Palermo (Michael Wald/Alamy Stock

(7-3) Illustration of mosaics in the Martorana Church and

(8-1) A map of Venice in the twelfth century (Granger Historical Picture Archive/Alamy Stock Photo). (8-2) An early printing press (Artokoloro Quint Lox Limited/Alamy Stock Photo). (8-3) A fifteenth-century map of Venice (Age Fotostock/Alamy Stock Photo). (8-4) First page of Ratdolt’s 1582 printed edition of

The Elements (Granger Historical Picture Archive/Alamy Stock Photo). (8-5) The Aldine 'dolphin and anchor’ (Wellcome Collection). (8-6) A page of Galen’s

De methodus methendi (Add MS 6898, f.Iv, British Library, London, UK © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images). (1) Galen dissecting a pig (Wellcome Collection). (2) 'Bone man’ and 'muscle man’ from Vesalius’

De humani corporis fabrica (AF Fotografie/Alamy Stock Photo). (3) The Copernican universe (Science History Images/Alamy Stock

Bog aan la aqoon