Trends in Cognitive Sciences,

7(2) (2003): 65-9, and Thomas Metzinger’s

The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self’ (Basic Books, 2009), pp. 122-6.

Memetics was introduced by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book

The Selfish Gene , which popularized the idea of gene-centred (rather than organism-centred) evolution. For more information on the t-gene in mice, see p. 236 of the thirtieth anniversary edition (Oxford, 2006). The view of the relation between memes and the self is set forth in Daniel Dennett’s

Consciousness Explained (Penguin, 1993), pp. 199-208. A book-length discussion arriving at similar conclusions is Susan Blackmore’s

The Meme Machine (Oxford University Press, 1999). For a different interpretation, see Kate Distin’s

The Selfish Meme: A Critical Reassessment (Cambridge University Press, 2005).

الفصل الرابع

The legend of the monk of Heisterbach is told in Goswin Peter Rath’s

Bog aan la aqoon