Jules Michelet,

Joan of Arc,

trans. Albert Guerard (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957). The French original, published in 1841, transformed Joan into a republican heroine by stressing that her devotion was to the kingdom, not the king .

Anatole France,

The Life of Joan of Arc,

trans. Winifred Stephens (New York: John Lane, 1908). Joan as the dupe (albeit heroic) of priests who heard about her hallucinations and decided to make use of them .

Vita Sackville-West,

Saint joan of Arc (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1938). Both a biography and a meditation on the nature of religious belief .

Regine Pernoud,

Joan of Arc,

Bog aan la aqoon