The Cambridge Companion to Tocqueville , Cheryl B. Welch, ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

الفصل الأول

The soundest biography of AT is André Jardin,

Tocqueville, A Biography (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988); more recent is Hugh Brogan,

Alexis de Tocqueville, A Life (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007). On the “great lottery of paternity,” see AT’s letter to his brother Edouard, September 2, 1840, and the somewhat different view in his letter to Louis de Kergorlay, November 11, 1833. On his own ambition, see AT’s letter to Mme. Swetchine, February 26, 1857. On AT’s trip to America, see his notes in

Journey to America , ed. J. P. Mayer (London: Faber & Faber, 1959), and the classic study of George W.

Tocqueville and Beaumont in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938). On mixing history and philosophy, see AT’s letter to Kergorlay, December 15, 1850.

الفصل الثاني

Quotations follow the text in

Democracy in America

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