'Azzabah. There is the article of Lewicki on al-Halka and also the article of Rubinacci, "Un antico documento di vita cenobitica musulmana" which deal with the rules of the Halqah. There were the main works on Ibadhi studies concerned with the Maghribi Ibadhi in the European languages. Few notes are to be found where the subjects of the early sectarian movements of Islam were studied, for all European scholars include Ibadhis among the Kharijites.

As for non-Ibadhi Muslim scholars, they always regarded Ibadhis as extreme Kharijites and heretics, and did not pay any serious attention to studying Ibadhi doctrine and forming a clearer image of the Ibadhi School. It was only recently that the Ibadhi School was included among the Islamic schools represented in the new Encyclopaedias of Islamic law appearing in Egypt and Kuwait. This interesting event came about as a result of the continuous Ibadhi activities directed towards gaining better understanding from the neighbouring Muslims. These activities were started by Sulaiman Basha al-Baruni of Jabal Nafusah, who was an active Muslim politician and played a major part in the fighting against the Italian invaders of Libya in 1911. Interest of the Muslim in the Ibadhi affairs was aroused by the part which al-Baruni played together with the Ibadhis of Jabal Nafusah in the war against Italy, his firm loyalty to the Ottoman Empire and his hard struggle for the Muslim cause. He stood for better understanding between Muslims, and was one of the earliest voices to invite Muslims to forget the differences caused by conflict of opinion among the (المذاهب) original masters of their Schools.

and to return to the direct judgement of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The prestige which was established by al-Baruni in international Muslim circles through his heroic struggle against Western colonial invasion brought appreciation for the Ibadhi contribution to Islamic unity, which was the slogan of most Muslim leaders at the time, and paved the way for the Ibadhi views to be heard. In addition to Baruniyah Lithographic Press, established in Cairo before the beginning of this century, Sulaiman al-Baruni established his own printing press during the early part of this century, and issued his newspaper al-Asad al-Islami, in which he propagated his views and tried to give a clearer picture of the Ibadhis. He also published a few Ibadhi books by Omani and Maghribi authors, including his own work on Ibadhi history, al-Azhar al-riyadiyah. The late scholar Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Aftaiyish of Mzab afterwards followed the activities started by al-Baruni in Egypt. He was exiled by the French from Algeria and settled in Egypt, where he issued his journal, al-Minhaj, and participated in editing and publishing the works of the modern Ibadhi scholar Muhammad b. Yusuf Aftaiyish, and some works of the Omani scholar al-Salimi. He was, during his long stay in Egypt, an unofficial representative of the Ibadhi school, defending and propagating Ibadhi views, and he was always ready for consultation on Ibadhi studies. There can be no