Zanganeh, Lila Azam. “Has the Great Library of Timbuktu Been Lost?”

The New Yorker , January 29, 2013.

Zouber, Mahmoud.

Ahmad Baba de Tombouctou (1556-1627): Sa vie et son oeuvre

Maisonneuve et Larose, 1977.

مصادر الصور

Man with burned manuscripts:

John Ledyard:

Dartmouth College.

Colonial troops raising the French flag:

ناپیژندل شوی مخ