Orientalism (London, 1978).

R. G. Irwin,

For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and their Enemies (London, 1996).

هودجسون

M. G. S. Hodgson,

The Venture of Islam (as above).

M. G. S. Hodgson,

Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and World History,

ed. E. Burke III (Cambridge, 1993).

A. Hourani,

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