Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002).

الخلافة/الإمامة

Medieval Islamic

(Edinburgh, 2004).

W. Madelung,

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate (Cambridge, 1997).

الفصل الرابع

جان شاردان

Jean Chardin,

A Journey to

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