The Government of Florence under the Medici 1434-1494 (Oxford, 1966). On the 1490s see Donald Weinstein,

Savonarola and Florence (Princeton, 1963). On Machiavelli’s political and diplomatic career see the section 'Machiavelli and the Republican Experience’-essays by Nicolai Rubinstein, Elena Fasano Guarini, Giovanni Silvano, Robert Black, and John M. Najemy-in

Machiavelli and Republicanism,

ed. Gisela Bock, Quentin Skinner, and Maurizio Viroli (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 1-117. On the vicissitudes of the Florentine republic during Machiavelli’s adult life see Rudolf von Albertini,

Firenze dalla repubblica al principato (Turin, 1970), H. C. Butters,

Governors and Government in Early Sixteenth-Century Florence, 1502-1519 (Oxford, 1985), and J. N. Stephens,

The Fall of the Florentine Republic, 1512-1530 (Oxford, 1983).

السياق الفكري

The essays collected in P. O. Kristeller,

Renaissance Thought,

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