Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Burton, Richard F.

Zanzibar: City, Island, and Coast . London: Tinsley Brothers, 1872.

Caillié, René.

Journal d’un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné, dans l’Afrique centrale ... pendant les années 1824-1828.

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Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and Across the Great Desert, to Morocco, Performed in the Years 1824-1828.

London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830.

Callimachi, Rukmini. “In Timbuktu, al Qaida Left Behind a Manifesto.” Associated Press, February 14, 2013.

Carter, Harold B.

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