Ahmed, Baba. “Mali: À Tombouctou, près de 200 femmes marchent contre les islamistes.”

Jeune Afrique , October 8, 2012. --- . “Mali: Le fantômes de Tomboctou.”

Jeune Afrique , May 25, 2012.

Akyeampong, Emmanuel K., and Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

Dictionary of African Biography . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Aldrich, Robert.

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion . Basingstoke, England: Macmillan, 1996. “Alexander Gordon Laing.” In Robert Chambers, ed.,

A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen , vol. 3. Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1835.

American Foreign Policy Council.

World Almanac of Islamism.

अज्ञात पृष्ठ