Rheinische Legenden (Greven Verlag Cologne, 1955), pp. 178-81.

McTaggart describes his proof of the unreality of time first in a paper of the same title in volume 17 of

Mind (1908: 457-74), and later in chapter 33 of his two-volume

The Nature of Existence (Cambridge University Press, 1921). An accessible summary of the argument can be found in chapter 8 of Robin Le

Travels in Four Dimensions: The Enigmas of Space and Time (Oxford University Press, 2003). McTaggart’s argument has triggered a large amount of philosophical discussion; the Further Reading in this volume lists the most important contributions.

A clear discussion of Gödel’s thought on time can be found in Palle Yourgrau’s

Gödel Meets Einstein (Open Court, 1999). For an excellent explanation of the relativity of simultaneity, see Martin Gardner’s

Relativity for the Million (Macmillan, 1962), pp. 40-5.

Russell’s five-minute hypothesis comes from his

The Analysis of Mind (Allen & Unwin, 1921), p. 159. A similar argument is used by creationists to explain the existence of objects apparently pre-dating their preferred date of creation: God, it is claimed, just created all the apparent records of an illusory past at the same time as everything else. For some discussion, see chapter 1 of Martin Gardner’s

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