Islam in European Thought (Cambridge, 1992), chapter

3 .

ابن خلدون

Ibn Khaldun,

The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History , tr. F. Rosenthal (Princeton, 1958).

توينبي عن ابن خلدون

A. J. Toynbee,

A Study of History (London, 1935), III: 322.

الطبري

F. Rosenthal,

Shafi da ba'a sani ba