A History of the Arab

(London, 1991).

B. Lewis,

The Arabs in History (London, 1950, and numerous reprints).

تحليلات مفصلة

M. G. S. Hodgson,

The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization (Chicago, 1974).

I. M. Lapidus,

A History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge, 1988).

الجمال والحضارة الإسلامية

Shafi da ba'a sani ba