New York: Mariner, 1991.

Sattin, Anthony.

The Gates of Africa: Death, Discovery, and the Search for Timbuktu.

New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005.

Scheele, Judith.

Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara: Regional Connectivity in the Twentieth Century.

Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Schiffers, Heinrich, ed.

Heinrich Barth: Ein Forscher in Afrika . Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1967.

Schubert, Gustav von.

Shafi da ba'a sani ba