All that is Solid Melts into Air (London, 1982). See also Raymond Williams,

The Politics of Modernism (London, 1989), and T. J. Clark,

Farewell to an Idea (New Haven and London, 1999).

For postmodernism, see Jean-François Lyotard,

The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis, 1984); Ihab Hassan,

The Postmodern Turn (Ithaca, NY, 1987); David Harvey,

The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford, 1990); and Perry Anderson,

The Origins of

(London, 1998). Briefer studies of the trend are to be found in Alex Callinicos,

Against

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