Christopher Stringer and Clive Gamble,

In Search of the Neanderthals (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1993). Stringer is the leading proponent of the “out-of-Africa” theory, but like Trinkaus, he’s fair to both sides. British authors such as Stringer, by the way, have stuck with the traditional “Neanderthal” spelling; most others now spell it “tal.”

James Shreeve,

The Neandertal Enigma (New York: William Morrow, 1995). A popular science writer’s clear and often elegant account of the ongoing debate .

The Neanderthal Legacy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996). A technical but useful overview of Neandertal behavior, especially how they may have organized their communities .

Matthias Krings, Anne Stone, Ralf Schmitz, Heike Krainitzi, Mark Stoneking, and Svante Paabo, “Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans,”

Cell 90 (July 11, 1997). The mtDNA analysis of the 1856 Neandertal specimen .

Ryk Ward and Christopher Stringer, “A Molecular Handle on the Neanderthals,”

Nature 388 (July 17, 1997). A less technical summary of Krings’s findings .

Cidalia Duarte, Joan Mauricio, Paul Pettitt, Pedro Souto, Erik Trinkaus, Hans van der Plicht, and João Zilhão, “The Early Upper Paleolithic Human Skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and Modern Human Emergence in Iberia,”

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