Culture and Value , trans. Peter Winch (Chicago, 1980).

For introductions to Wittgenstein’s thought, see D. F. Pears,

Wittgenstein (London, 1971), and Anthony Kenny,

Wittgenstein (Harmondsworth, 1973). Two more recent introductions, both lucid and helpful, are A. C. Grayling,

Wittgenstein (Oxford, 1988), and Ray Monk,

Wittgenstein (London, 2005). Monk is also the author of an excellent biography,

Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (London, 1990). A more advanced but equally rewarding study is G. P. Baker and P. M. S. Hacker,

Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning (Oxford, 1980). (5) الحداثة وما بعد الحداثة

There are various allusions throughout the book to these cultural movements, which the reader might like to have further elucidated. For modernism, Peter Conrad’s monumental

Modern Times, Modern Places (London, 1998) is worth dipping in and out of. An excellent theoretical study is Marshall Berman,

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