The Nature of Selection (University of Chicago Press, 1984), and by Daniel Dennett in

Darwin’s Dangerous Idea (Penguin, 1995). The proximate/ultimate distinction was set out by Ernst Mayr in 'Cause and effect in biology’,

Science

vol. 134, 1961, and is critically re-assessed by Kevin N. Laland et al. in 'Cause and effect in biology revisited’,

Science

vol. 334, 2011. The evidence in favour of evolution is set out in Jerry Coyne’s

Why Evolution is True (Oxford University Press, 2010). Elliott Sober’s

Evidence and Evolution (Cambridge University Press, 2008) is an advanced discussion of how evolutionary hypotheses can be tested against data.

الفصل الثالث: الوظيفة والتكيف

Good discussions of biological function include Philip Kitcher’s 'Function and design’ and

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