by Peter Godfrey-Smith (Princeton University Press, 2016). Also useful are two collections of articles:

A Companion to Philosophy of Biology , edited by Sahotra Sarkar and Anya Plutynski (Blackwell, 2008); and

The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology , edited by David L. Hull and Michael Ruse (Cambridge University Press, 2007).

الفصل الثاني: التطور والانتخاب الطبيعي

Darwin’s argument is set out in

On the Origin of Species (John Murray, 1859). Paley’s design argument can be found in his

Natural Theology (J. Faulder, 1802). A good discussion of Darwin and Paley is Francisco J. Ayala’s 'Darwin’s greatest discovery: design without designer’,

Academy of Sciences

vol. 104, 2007. A good introduction to the neo-Darwinian theory is John Maynard Smith’s

The Theory of Evolution (Cambridge University Press, 1993). The logic of Darwinian explanation is explored by Elliott Sober in

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