American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons

(Princeton University Press, 1962); and Gregg Herken,

Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, Edward Teller (Henry Holt, 2002). Also see Jacqueline Bird’s related essay in

The Politics of Nuclear Weaponry , ed. Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa (Regina Books, 2007).

The 'atomic diplomacy’ debate may be followed in Gar Alperovitz,

The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Debate (Harper Collins, 1995); Robert James Maddox,

Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later (University of Missouri Press, 1995); and, most recently, Wilson D. Miscamble,

From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War (Cambridge University Press, 2007). For a useful distillation of the vast literature on this subject, see J. Samuel Walker,

Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs against Japan (University of North Carolina Press, 1997).

For the impact of wartime bombing of civilians, see Jorg Friedich,

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