Engels Today: A Centenary Appreciation (Macmillan, Basingstoke, and St Martin’s, New York, 1996), and Manfred B. Steger and Terrell Carver (eds),

Engels after Marx (Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pa., 1999). The Marx-Engels relationship is considered in Norman Levine,

The Tragic Deception: Marx contra Engels (Clio Books, Oxford, and Santa Barbara, Calif., 1975). I have also published

Marx and Engels: The Intellectual Relationship (Wheatsheaf Books, Brighton, and Bloomington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1983), and a biographical study

Friedrich Engels: His Life and Thought (Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1989, and St Martin’s, New York, 1990).

The relationship of Engels to Marxism is discussed in George Lichtheim’s

Marxism: An Historical and Critical Study (2nd edn., Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968; Praeger, 1965), and in Richard N. Hunt,

The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels , vol. 1,

Marxism and Totalitarian Democracy (Macmillan, London, 1975; University of

Kolakowski,

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