Some theoretical papers dealing with the problem of cascading failures in power transmission networks are: ⋆⋆ Kosterev, D. N., Taylor, C. W., and Mittelstadt, W. A. Model validation for the August 10, 1996 WSCC system outage.

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,

14(3), 967-979 (1999). • Sachtjen, M. L., Carreras, B. A., and Lynch, V. E. Disturbances in a power transmission system.

61(5), 4877-4882 (2000). •• Asavathiratham, C. The influence model: A tractable representation for the dynamics of networked Markov chains (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, 2000). (1) النشوء

Although the author doesn’t call it emergence, one of the earliest works to really grapple with the issue of emergent behavior in complex (social) systems is: ⋆ Schelling, T. C.

Micromotives and Macrobehavior (Norton, New York, 1978).

The classic paper by Phillip Anderson that outlines the fundamental concept of emergence is: ⋆⋆ Anderson, P. W. More is different.

Science,

177, 393-396 (1972).

Some very readable introductions to the subject of complex, adaptive systems in general, and emergence in particular, are: ⋆ Gell-Mann, M.

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