Intermediate (some effort and mathematical background required). •

Advanced (requires undergraduate-level mathematics training). ••

Expert (impenetrable without graduate-level mathematics training).

الفصل الأول: عصرنا المتشابك

The proximate causes and immediate effects of the cascading failure that occurred in the Western Systems Coordinating Council transmission grid on August 10, 1996, are described in: ⋆ WSCC Operations Committee.

Western Systems Coordinating Council Disturbance Report, August 10, 1996 (October 18, 1996). Available on-line at http://www.wscc.com/outages.htm.

A review of major recent power disturbances in the United States that sheds some additional light on the August 10 cascade is: ⋆ Hauer, J. F., and Dagel, J. E.

White Paper on Review of Recent Reliability Issues and System Events.

Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions. U.S. Department of Energy (1999). Available on-line at

http://www.eren.doe.gov/der/transmission/pdfs/reliabilityevents.pdf .

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