The very first study of the small-world problem was by Manfred Kochen and Ithiel de Sola Pool, who circulated their results as a working paper almost ten years before Milgram conducted his experiment. In fact, it was this paper that stimulated Milgram’s work in the first place. It was finally published, almost twenty years after its inception, as the first paper in the first volume of the journal

Social Networks . ⋆⋆ Pool, I. de Sola, and Kochen, M. Contacts and influence.

Social Networks,

1(1), 1-51 (1978).

A number of subsequent papers, both theoretical and empirical, as well as the original paper by Kochen and Pool, are available in a collected volume, edited by Manfred Kochen. ⋆⋆ Kochen, M. (ed.).

The Small World (Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 1989).

The play by John Guare that was later made into a movie, and launched the phrase “six degrees of separation” into the pop-culture stratosphere, is: ⋆ Guare, J.

Six Degrees of Separation:

A Play (Vintage Books, New York, 1990).

الفصل الثاني: أصول علم «جديد» (1) نظرية الرسوم البيانية العشوائية

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