Chris Wickham,

The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe 400-1000 (2009). Up-to-date survey, strong on the murky origins of noble power. (4) ذروة

Lineages of the Absolutist State (1974). Another dazzling Marxist synthesis.

Ronald G. Asch,

Nobilities in Transition, 1550-1700: Courtiers and Rebels in Britain and Europe (1993).

Samuel Clark,

State and Status: The Rise of the State and Aristocratic Power in Western Europe (1995).

Jonathan Dewald,

The European Nobility, 1400-1800 (1996).

A. Goodwin (ed.),

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